In 'Margaret Fuller Drowned', a sonnet of the early 1970s, Robert Lowell, whose ancestor James Russell Lowell had been skewered by Fuller's pen more than a century earlier, sums up what's commonly known about Fuller. 'You had everything to rattle the men who wrote,' he begins, addressing her as 'the first American woman?' (emphasis on the question mark). Then he shifts to the deck of the merchant ship Elizabeth, en route from Livorno to New York City in 1850, whose passengers included the 40-year-old Fuller, 'in a white nightgown, your hair fallen long', with her young Italian lover (to whom she may or may not have been married) and their one-year-old son. All three died when they were swept overboard in a storm after an agonising 12-hour wait for rescue when their ship foundered on a sand bar within sight of shore at Fire Island, near New York.

LRB 15 November 2007 | PDF Download