Most of the expatriates in France who had to run for their lives in 1940 made for Marseille, which had working consulates, maritime companies and smuggling networks. The people in the greatest danger were anti-Fascist Germans and Jews of any political persuasion, followed by assorted individuals who had blotted their copybooks in a manner the Gestapo was sure to ascertain or invent. 'Human trafficking' had become the order of the day and remained so, long after the hope of leaving by boat had turned out, for most, to be illusory.

LRB 19 July 2007 | PDF Download